From a series of failed mining ventures; to an award winning adventure tourism destination - this island is recommended on any ‘must do’ list, when visiting New Zealand. This is part of a published article, I wrote for World Heritage, China.
White Island is a continuously active island volcano that defies description. Its terrain is more alien and primal than an imagined lunar experience. Technically, the island is the tip of a massive underwater volcano, formed between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago, situated along the line of the subduction of the Pacific tectonic plate beneath the Indo-Australian plate.
Tourists and scientists are fascinated with ‘Whakaari’, the Maori name for White Island. Loosely translated, the word means the island disappears and reappears from view. As the island is a mere 48 kilometres off the East Coast of the North Island, it is often misty, shrouded in rain cloud or steam and cannot be seen from shore. Other days, it stands out on the horizon, a stark profile puffing out plumes of steamy cloud high in the air.
Only a few accredited tour operators are allowed to take tourists to the island. Most visitors arrive by boat but for some, the view from their helicopter arrival is breathtaking. The extremely popular and award winning
Pee Jay Tours trip to White Island departs from Whakatane.
Tonnes of gases are emitted from the island’s crater, vents and fumaroles every day. And, should there be a rock eruption you better hide or run. Ash clouds, a quivering ground, static electricity surges, sonic booms and raining acid lumps are not unusual but the activity is fairly consistently at a low level.”
After just over an hour’s journey, the boat nudges in towards the shore, close to the rustic wharf remains near the site of the 1914 sulphur mining factory ruins. Inflatable IRB boats ferry tourists to shore and the extremely informative and well narrated tours begin. The guides take small groups towards the horseshoe shaped crater emphasising the need for caution and safety at all times on the island.
Maori interest in the island was well established before Europeans’ arrival but not for mining sulphur. Europeans decided to exploit the sulphur deposits.
The focus of their mining venture was to quarry and ship raw sulphur rocks to a facility seventy kilometres away at the Port of Tauranga’s Sulphur Point. There it was to be processed for use as fertiliser. Conditions for the workers were extreme and harsh. No fresh drinkable water was available on the island and the men had to make do with water stored in old petrol containers shipped in with their supplies. They resorted to emulating the Maori food storage practice of preserving meat in fat. Ten years later, the Great Depression hit and again another company went bankrupt. The Buttle family retains ownership of the island and adheres to strict eco friendly preservation principles, opening it for visitors and run by a trust.
Tertiary institutions of learning and overseas scientists regularly monitor the island. Several seismographs and a permanent camera observe a 24 hour vigil over the volcano. Links are associated between seismic activity on White Island and a recent swarm of earthquakes in the small seaside town of Matata, lying in a direct line between Mount Edgecumbe (in 1986 this was the epicentre of a mark six Richter scale sized earthquake) and White Island and the major North Island volcanoes: Mount Ruapehu, Tongariro and Ngauruhoe. Shaky residents are feeling almost daily, earthquakes around the mark four on the Richter scale. No doubt constantly reviewing their resident volcano’s activities and going regularly online to sites such as
http://www.geonet.org.nz/.
For visitors to White Island they notice that few trees exist and very few birds are seen. Any seagulls hapless enough to dabble in the acidic streams will either lose their feathers or stain them yellow. Three large colonies of gannet birds nest on the extremes of the island and call a noisy and smelly welcome to visitors to Crater Bay. For feasting purposes, Maori tribes had in the past, gathered the flightless adolescent stormy petrel birds called ‘muttonbirds’ that live in burrows underground. Today, muttonbirds are still a delicacy if rather fatty and rich to eat.
In total contrast to the wild and potentially violent and harmful volcanic land based conditions, the sea especially upwind of the volcano is richly abundant with life. Around the island’s coastline, tropical species of fish life often stray into the waters and occasionally snakes and turtles will appear. But they are rare visitors. Instead, schools of maomao, demoiselles and snapper are frequently disturbed by scuba and snorkel divers.
Temperate waters host forests of kelp, delicate corals and pretty anemones. In the nooks and crannies of underwater rocks, large and small moray eels and giant crayfish hide. The region has not yet been accorded a Marine Reserve title where a ‘no take’ zone would prevent potential over fishing. And so for the moment, to the delight of game fishermen they are able to enjoy battling tuna and marlin.
White Island is unique and offers more than any man made theme park could ever do in fear factor. It is truly a world heritage site, one worth studying and one that puts mere mortals in perspective.